Chapter 1 How Life on Earth Has Changed
Lesson 1.1 What Are Theories of Origins?
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Summary: Although there are variations of each, two basic ideas about our origins exist: Creation and evolution. Creationists believe in Creation by God. Believers in Intelligent Design recognize that some things are best explained by a designer, but they do not attempt to identify the designer. Evolution claims that life arose spontaneously from nonliving matter and that all present life forms descended from a single-celled common ancestor. Microevolution involves small changes that can be documented, and all scientists agree that it happens. Macroevolution involves much larger changes, and not all scientists agree that the evidence supports it.
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Lesson 1.2 What Does the Evidence Show?
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Summary: Evolutionists and creationists interpret the same observable data in different ways. Evidence used frequently to debate life's origins includes embryological similarities, vestigial organs, genome similarities, the fossil record, homologous and analogous structures, and design. Ultimately, neither evolutionist nor creationism is a provable theory. Both are based on scientific evidence, but not all is explainable. They are accepted by faith.
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Lesson 1.3 What Is Phylogenetics?
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Summary: Organisms are classified based on body processes, obvious physical characteristics, cellular structure, and DNA. Organisms can also be classified based on assumptions that they evolved from common ancestors. This process of grouping is called phylogenetic analysis, or cladistics. The results of the analysis are displayed using phylogenetic trees, or cladograms. Often the cladograms show conflicting data, and scientists will choose the simplest option.
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Chapter 2 Types of Plants
Lesson 2.1 How are Plants Classified?
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Summary: Plants are classified by whether they are vascular or nonvascular and by whether they form seeds or spores. Mosses are examples of nonvascular plants. They obtain nutrients and water through diffusion and osmosis. Vascular plants, such as the many species of trees, contain xylem and phloem to transport water and nutrients. Vascular plants also use diffusion and osmosis. The difference is that in vascular plants there is specialized tissue that allows for transport over a greater distance. Some plants, such as mosses and ferns reproduce with spores, while others, such as marigolds and water lilies, reproduce with seeds. Of the seed-bearing plants, some (such as oranges) protect their seeds within fruits, while others (such as pine trees) have exposed seeds in cones. All plants have a two-part life cycle called alternation of generations.
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Lesson 2.2 What Are Spore-Producing Plants?
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Summary: Plants that use spores to reproduce are grouped into 6 of the 12 divisions in Kingdom Plantae. Mosses are in the Bryophyta division, liverworts are in the Hepaticophyta division, and hornworts are in the Anthocerophyta division. There three divisions contain nonvascular plants. Vascular spore-producing plants are found in the Pteridophyta (ferns), Lycophyta (club and spike mosses), and Equisetophyta (horsetails) divisions. Fern spores develop in clusters called sporangia on the underside of fronds. Groups of sporangia are called sori. Lycophyta and Equisetophyta have spores that develop in cone-like structures.
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Lesson 2.3 What Are Gymnosperms?
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Summary: Gymnosperm is the name for vascular plants that produce exposed seeds; that is, their seeds are not enclosed or protected inside a fruit. Kingdom Plantae has four divisions of gymnosperms: Cycadophyta, Ginkgophyta, Gnetophyta, and Coniferophyta. The four divisions together contain about 950 known species. Cycads are evergreen plants with leaves that look like ferns or palm trees and with thick, trunk-like stems. Ginkgo biloba trees are the only living species in Ginkgophyta and are one of the few deciduous gymnosperms. The more than 95 species of Gnetophyta include Ephedra, which was used for medical purposes by indigenous people. Conifers are mainly evergreen trees and shrubs that dominate the enormous forests of the northern regions of Europe, Asia, and North America. Like other plants, alternation of generations is part of the reproductive process of gymnosperms. To reproduce, male cones release pollen. Pollen spreads to female cones, where the egg is fertilized and seeds are produced. The seeds grow into the larger sporophyte tree or shrub.
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Lesson 2.4 What Are Angiosperms?
Chapter 3
Lesson 3.1
Chapter 7 Making Decisions About Your Body
Lesson 7.1 How Can You Make Wise Decisions?
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Summary: Using the steps of effective decision making can help you make wise decisions. You can use these decision-making skills to decide how to deal with difficult situations before they occur. People use both positive and negative peer pressure to influence other's decisions. Refusal skills, a support network, and a role model can help you stand firm when confronted with negative peer pressure. In addition, having a mentor or life coach can provide a young person the help and advice he or she needs to make difficult life decisions. Asking for help form a parent or trusted adult is a mature strategy in many situations.
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Chapter 10 Earth's History
Lesson 10.3 What Does the Fossil Record Show?
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Chapter 11 Ways Matter Changes
Lesson 11.1 What Are Properties of Matter?
Lesson 11.2 What Are Mixtures and Solutions?
Lesson 11.3 What Are Acids and Bases?
Chapter 12 Elements and the Periodic Table
Lesson 12.1 What Are Atoms?
Lesson 12.2 How Are Elements Organized?
Lesson 12.3 What Are Metals?
Lesson 12.4 What Are Nonmetals and Metalloids?
Lesson 12.5 What Are Radioactive Elements?
